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Adam Kessler and Jim Tanburn, August 2014, Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED). 9 pages. Available as pdf.

Introduction:  A development programme without a strong internal monitoring system often cannot be effectively evaluated. The DCED Standard for Results Measurement is a widely-used monitoring framework, and this document discusses how it relates to external evaluations. Why should evaluators be interested in monitoring systems? How can the DCED Standard support evaluations, and vice versa? Who is responsible for what, and what are the expectations of each? This document expands previous work by the UK Department for International Development (DFID).

This document is relevant for evaluators, those commissioning evaluations, and practitioners in  programmes using the DCED Standard and undergoing an evaluation. It provides a basis for dialogue with the evaluation community; the aims of that dialogue are to identify sources of evaluation expertise
available to support programmes using the DCED Standard, and to promote the Standard to programmes needing to improve their monitoring system. We would welcome further discussions on the topic, and invite you to contact us at Results@Enterprise-Development.org with any questions or comments.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Why should evaluators be interested in monitoring?
2.1 Good monitoring is essential for effective management
2.2 Good monitoring is essential for effective evaluation
2.3 Some evaluation methodologies incorporate monitoring
3 What is the DCED Standard for Results Measurement?
4 How does the DCED Standard support evaluation?
4.1 The DCED Standard promotes clear theories of change
4.2 The DCED Standard provides additional data to test the theory of change
5 How do evaluations supplement the DCED Standard?
5.1 Evaluations are independent
5.2 Evaluations have more expertise and larger budgets
5.3 Evaluations can examine broader effects
5.4 Evaluations and the DCED Standard are for different audiences
6 Division of responsibilities between evaluator and programme team
7 Key References and further reading

This posting is overdue. The Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) has been producing a lot of material on results management this year. Here are some of the items I have seen.

• Practical Guidelines for Measuring Results in Women’s Economic Empowerment in Private Sector Development, 2014
• Assessing Systemic Change, a guide on assessing systemic change, 2014
• Measuring Job Creation in Private Sector Development, 2014
• Demonstrating Additionality in Private Sector Development Initiatives -A Practical Exploration of Good Practice
  for Challenge Funds and Other Cost-Sharing Mechanisms, 2014

Of particular interest to me is the DCED Standard for Results Measurement. According to Jim Tanburn, there are about 60-70 programmes now using the standard. Associated with this is an auditing service offered by DCED. From what I can see nine programmes have been audited so far. Given the scale and complexity of the standards, the question in my mind, and probably that of others, is whether their use makes a significant difference to the performance of the programmes that have implemented the standards.Are they cost-effective?

This would not be an easy question to answer in any rigorous fashion, I suspect. There are likely to be many case-specific accounts of where and how the standards have helped improve performance, and perhaps some of where they have have not helped or even hindered. Some accounts are already available via the Voices from the Practitioners part of the DCED website.

The challenge would be how to aggregate judgements about impacts on a diverse range of programmes in a variety of settings. This is the sort of situation where one is looking for the “effects of a cause”, rather than “the causes of an effect”, because there is a standard intervention (adoption of the standards) but it is one which may have many different effects. A three step process might be feasible, or at least worth exploring:

1. Rank programmes in terms of the degree to which they have successfully adopted the standards. This should be relatively easy, given that there is a standard auditing process

2. Rank programmes in terms of the relative observed/reported effects of the standards. This will be much more difficult because of the apple and pears  nature of the impacts. But I have been exploring a way of doing so here: Pair comparisons: For where there is no common outcome measure? Another difficulty, which may be surmountable, is that “all the audit reports remain confidential and DCED will not share the contents of the audit report without seeking permission from the audited programmes”.

3. Look for the strength and direction of the correlation between the two measures, and for outliers (poor adoption/big effects, good adoption/few effects) where lessons could be learned.

Abraham-Dowsing, Kavita, Anna Godfrey, and Zoe Khor. 2014. “Reframing the Evidence Debates: A View from the Media for Development Sector”. BBC Media Action. Available as pdf. This is part of BBC Media Action’s Bridging Theory and Practice series. An accompanying appendices document is available here. It includes priority research questions, and more detail on the evidence examples cited in the paper. The report was prepared with funding from the UK Department for International Development.

Introduction : “Donors, policy-makers and practitioners need evidence  to inform their policy and programming choices, resource allocation and spending decisions, yet producing and making use of high-quality research and evidence is not straightforward. This is particularly the case in sectors that do not have a long history of research or evaluation, that are operating in fragile states with low research capacity and that are trying to bring about complex change. The media for development sector (see Box 1) is one such example. Nonetheless, donors, governments and private foundations working in international development have long recognised the importance of independent media and information sources in their work and the role that communication can play in bringing about change. Despite this recognition, however, in debates around evidence on the role of media and communication in achieving development communication in achieving development outcomes, assertions of “no evidence” or “not enough evidence” are commonplace. With the evidence agenda gaining more prominence in the development sector, there is a risk for any sector that finds it difficult to have a clear, concise and cohesive narrative around its evidence of impact.

This paper is based on a series of interviews with practitioners, evaluators and donors working in the media for development sector, and looks at their understanding of what counts as evidence and their views on the existing evidence base. It argues that compelling evidence of impact does exist and is being used – although this varies by thematic area. For example, it highlights that evidence in the area of health communication is stronger and more integrated into practice compared with other thematic areas such as media and governance or  humanitarian response outcomes. The paper also contends that, alongside evidencing development outcomes (for example, media’s impact on knowledge, attitudes, efficacy, norms and behaviours), more evidence is needed to answer specific questions about how, why and in what ways media and communication affect people and societies – and how this varies by local context.

The paper argues that the lack of clear evidential standards for reporting evidence from media for development programmes, the limited efforts to date to collate and systematically review the evidence that does exist, and the lack of relevant fora in which to critique and understand evaluation findings, are significant barriers to evidence generation. The paper calls for an “evidence agenda”, which creates shared evidential standards to systematically map the existing evidence, establishes fora to discuss and share existing evidence, and uses strategic, longer-term collaborative investment in evaluation to highlight where evidence gaps need to be filled in order to build the evidence base. Without such an agenda, as a field, we risk evidence producers, assessors and funders talking at cross purposes. ”

As the paper’s conclusion states, we actively welcome conversations with you and we expect that these will affect and change the focus of the evidence agenda. We also expect to be challenged! What we have tried to do here is articulate a clear starting point, highlighting the risk of not taking this conversation forward. We actively welcome your feedback during our consultation on the paper which runs from August until the end of October 2014, and invite you to share the paper and appendices widely with any colleagues and networks who you think appropriate.

Contents page
Introduction
1. What is evidence? An expert view
2. Evidence – what counts and where are there gaps?
3. Building an evidence base – points for consideration
4. The challenges of building an evidence base
5. An evidence agenda – next steps in taking this conversation forward
Conclusion
Appendix 1: Methodology and contributors
Appendix 2: Examples of compelling evidence
Appendix 3: Priority research questions for the evidence agenda
Appendix 4: A note on M&E, R & L and DME
Appendix 5: Mixed methods evaluation evidence – farmer field schools
Appendix 6: Methodological challenges

“On the 20^th and 21^st of March 2014 CDI organized her annual ‘M&E on the cutting edge’ conference on the topic: ‘Improving the Use of M&E Processes and Findings’.

This conference is part of our series of yearly ‘M&E on the cutting edge’ events. The conference was held on the 20th and 21st of March 2014 in Wageningen, the Netherlands. This conference particularly looked at under what conditions the use of M&E processes and findings can be improved. The conference report can now be accessed here in pdf format

Conference participants had the opportunity to learn about:

• frameworks to understand utilisation of monitoring and evaluation findings and process;
• different types of utilisation of monitoring and evaluation process and findings, when and for whom these are relevant;
• conditions that improve utilisation of monitoring and evaluation processes and findings.

Conference presentations can be found online here: http://www.managingforimpact.org/event/cdi-conference-improving-use-me-processes-and-findings

Helen Lindley

Resources

Compiled by Liz Cooke

Resources List – Gender, Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning

[From the R4D website] Available as pdf

Raab, M.; Stuppert, W. Review of evaluation approaches and methods for interventions related to violence against women and girls (VAWG). (2014) 123 pp.

Laura Rodriguez Takeuchi, ODI Project Note 04, June 2014. Available as pdf

“Key messages:

• In the measurement of multidimensional well-being, weights aim to capture the relative importance of each componentto a person’s overall  well-being. The choice of weights needsto be explicit and could be used to incorporate people’sperspectives into a final metric.
• Stated preferences approaches aim to obtain weights from individuals’ responses to hypothetical scenarios. We outline six of these approaches. Understanding their design and limitations is vital to make sense of potentially dissimilar result.
• It is important to select and test an appropriate method for specific contexts, considering the challenges of relying on people’s answers. Two methodologies, DCE and PTO, are put forward for testing in a pilot project.”

See also:Laura Rodriguez Takeuchi blog posting on Better Evaluation: Week 26: Weighing people’s values in evaluation

Rick Davies comment: Although this was a very interesting and useful paper overall, I was fascinated by this part of Laura’s paper ”

Reflecting on the psychology literature, Kahneman and Krueger (2006) argue that it is difficult to deduce preferences from people’s actual choices because of limited rationality:

“[People] make inconsistent choices, fail to learn from experience, exhibit reluctance to trade, base their own satisfaction on how their situation compares with the satisfaction of others and depart from the standard  model of the rational economic agent in other ways.”   (Kahneman and Krueger 2006: 3)

Rather than using these ‘real’ choices, stated preferences approaches rely on surveys to obtain weights from individuals’ responses to hypothetical scenarios.

This seems totally bizarre. What would happen if we insisted on all respondents’ survey responses being rational, and applied various other remedial measures to make them so!  Would we end up with a perfectely rational set of responses that have no actual fit with how people or behave in the world? How useful would that be? Perhaps this is what happens when you spend too much time in the company of economists? :-))

On another matter…. Table 1 usefully lists eight different weighting methods, which are explained in the text. However this list does not include one of the simplest methods that exists, and which is touched upon tangentially in the reference to the South African study on social perceptions of material needs (Wright, 2008). This is the use of weighted checklists, where respondents choose both items on a checklist and the weights to be given to each item, in a series of binary (yes/no) choices. This method was used in a series of household poverty surveys in Vietnam in 1997 and 2006 using an instrument called a Basic Necessities Survey. The wider potential uses of this participatory and democratic method are are discussed in a related blog on weighted checklists.

Postscript: Julie Newton has point out this useful related website:

• Measuring National Well-being.  “ONS [UK Office for National Statistics] is developing new measures of national well-being. The aim is to provide a fuller picture of how society is doing by supplementing existing economic, social and environmental measures. Developing better measures of well-being is a long term programme. ONS  are committed to sharing ideas and proposals widely to ensure that the measures are relevant and founded on what matters to people.” Their home page lists a number of new publications on this subject

by Aldo Benini, Patrice Chataigner, 2014. Available as pdf

Purpose:”When disaster strikes, determining affected areas and populations with the greatest unmet  needs is a key objective of rapid assessments. This note is concerned with the logic and scope for improvement in a particular tool, the so-called “prioritization matrix”, that has increasingly been employed in such assessments. We compare, and expand on, some variants that sprang up in the same environment of a large natural disaster. The fixed context lets us attribute differences to the creativity of the users grappling with the intrinsic nature of the tool, rather than to fleeting local circumstances. Our recommendations may thus be translated more easily to future assessments elsewhere.

The typhoon that struck the central Philippines in November 2013 – known as “Typhoon Yolanda” and also as “Typhoon Haiyan” – triggered a significant national and international relief response. Its information managers imported the practice, tried and tested in other disasters, of ranking affected communities by the degree of impact and need. Several lists, known as prioritization matrices, of ranked municipalities were produced in the first weeks of the response. Four of them, by different individuals and organizations, were shared with us. The largest in coverage ranked 497 municipalities.

The matrices are based on indicators, which they aggregate into an index that determines the ranks. Thus they come under the rubric of composite measures. They are managed in spreadsheets. We review the four for their particular emphases, the mechanics of combining indicators, and the statistical distributions of the final impact scores. Two major questions concern the use of rankings (as opposed to other transformations) and the condensation of all indicators in one combined index. We propose alternative formulations, in part borrowing from recent advances in social indicator research. We make recommendations on how to improve the process in future rapid assessments.”

Rick Davies comment: Well worth reading!

Beer, Tanya, and Julia Coffman. 2014. “How Shortcuts Cut Us Short: Cognitive Traps in Philanthropic Decision Making”. Centre for Evaluation Innovation. Available as pdf