Norms in the Wild: How to Diagnose, Measure, and Change Social Norms

Cristina Bicchieri, Oxford University Press, 2016. View Table of Contents

Publisher summary:

  1. Presents evidence-based assessment tools for assessing and intervening on various social behaviors
  2. Illustrates the role of mass media and autonomous “first movers” as the forefront of wide-scale behavioral change
  3. Provides dichotomous models for assessing normative behaviors
  4. Explains why well-tested interventions sometimes fail to change behavior

 

Amazon blurb: “The philosopher Cristina Bicchieri here develops her theory of social norms, most recently explained in her 2006 volume The Grammar of Society. Bicchieri challenges many of the fundamental assumptions of the social sciences. She argues that when it comes to human behavior, social scientists place too much stress on rational deliberation. In fact, many choices occur without much deliberation at all. Bicchieri’s theory accounts for these automatic components of behavior, where individuals react automatically to cues–those cues often pointing to the social norms that govern our choices in a social world

Bicchieri’s work has broad implications not only for understanding human behavior, but for changing it for better outcomes. People have a strong conditional preference for following social norms, but that also means manipulating those norms (and the underlying social expectations) can produce beneficial behavioral changes. Bicchieri’s recent work with UNICEF has explored the applicability of her views to issues of human rights and well-being. Is it possible to change social expectations around forced marriage, genital mutilations, and public health practices like vaccinations and sanitation? If so, how? What tools might we use? This short book explores how social norms work, and how changing them–changing preferences, beliefs, and especially social expectations–can potentially improve lives all around the world.”

 

 

How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business [and elsewhere]

3rd Edition by Douglas W. Hubbard (Author)

pdf copy of 2nd edition available here

Building up from simple concepts to illustrate the hands-on yet intuitively easy application of advanced statistical techniques, How to Measure Anything reveals the power of measurement in our understanding of business and the world at large. This insightful and engaging book shows you how to measure those things in your business that until now you may have considered “immeasurable,” including technology ROI, organizational flexibility, customer satisfaction, and technology risk.

Offering examples that will get you to attempt measurements-even when it seems impossible-this book provides you with the substantive steps for measuring anything, especially uncertainty and risk. Don’t wait-listen to this book and find out:

  • The three reasons why things may seem immeasurable but are not
  • Inspirational examples of where seemingly impossible measurements were resolved with surprisingly simple methods
  • How computing the value of information will show that you probably have been measuring all the wrong things
  • How not to measure risk
  • Methods for measuring “soft” things like happiness, satisfaction, quality, and more

Amazon.com Review Now updated with new research and even more intuitive explanations, a demystifying explanation of how managers can inform themselves to make less risky, more profitable business decisions This insightful and eloquent book will show you how to measure those things in your own business that, until now, you may have considered “immeasurable,” including customer satisfaction, organizational flexibility, technology risk, and technology ROI.

  • Adds even more intuitive explanations of powerful measurement methods and shows how they can be applied to areas such as risk management and customer satisfaction
  • Continues to boldly assert that any perception of “immeasurability” is based on certain popular misconceptions about measurement and measurement methods
  • Shows the common reasoning for calling something immeasurable, and sets out to correct those ideas
  • Offers practical methods for measuring a variety of “intangibles”
  • Adds recent research, especially in regards to methods that seem like measurement, but are in fact a kind of “placebo effect” for management – and explains how to tell effective methods from management mythology
  • Written by recognized expert Douglas Hubbard-creator of Applied Information Economics

How to Measure Anything, Second Edition illustrates how the author has used his approach across various industries and how any problem, no matter how difficult, ill defined, or uncertain can lend itself to measurement using proven methods.

See also Julia Galef’s podcast interview with the author: 

 

 

Monitoring and Evaluation in Health and Social Development: Interpretive and Social Development Perspectives

Edited by Stephen Bell and Peter Aggleton. Routledge 2016. View on Google Books

interpretive researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them

“...interpretive and ethnographic approaches are side-lined in much contemporary evaluation work and current monitoring and evaluation practice remains heavily influenced by more positivist approaches

attribution is not the only purpose of impact evaluation

Lack of familiarity with qualitative approaches by programme staff and donor agencies also influences the preferences for for quantitative methods in monitoring and evaluation work

Contents

1. Interpretive and Ethnographic Perspectives – Alternative Approaches to Monitoring and Evaluation Practice

2. The Political Economy of Evidence: Personal Reflections on the Value of the Interpretive Tradition and its Methods

3. Measurement, Modification and Transferability: Evidential Challenges in the Evaluation of Complex Interventions

4. What Really Works? Understanding the Role of ‘Local Knowledges’ in the Monitoring and Evaluation of a Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Project in Kenya

PART 2: Programme Design 5. Permissions, Vacations and Periods of Self-regulation: Using Consumer Insight to Improve HIV Treatment Adherence in Four Central American Countries

6. Generating Local Knowledge: A Role for Ethnography in Evidence-based Programme Design for Social Development

7. Interpretation, Context and Time: An Ethnographically Inspired Approach to Strategy Development for Tuberculosis Control in Odisha, India

8. Designing Health and Leadership Programmes for Young Vulnerable Women Using Participatory Ethnographic Research in Freetown, Sierra Leone

Part 3: Monitoring Processes

9. Using Social Mapping Techniques to Guide Programme Redesign in the Tingim Laip HIV Prevention and Care Project in Papua New Guinea

10. Pathways to Impact: New Approaches to Monitoring and Improving Volunteering for Sustainable Environmental Management

11. Ethnographic Process Evaluation: A Case Study of an HIV Prevention Programme with Injecting Drug Users in the USA

12. Using the Reality Check Approach to Shape Quantitative Findings: Experience from Mixed Method Evaluations in Ghana and Nepal

Part 4: Understanding Impact and Change

13. Innovation in Evaluation: Using SenseMaker to Assess the Inclusion of Smallholder Farmers in Modern Markets

14. The Use of the Rapid PEER Approach for the Evaluation of Sexual and Reproductive Health Programmes

15. Using Interpretive Research to Make Quantitative Evaluation More Effective: Oxfam’s Experience in Pakistan and Zimbabwe

16. Can Qualitative Research Rigorously Evaluate Programme Impact? Evidence from a Randomised Controlled Trial of an Adolescent Sexual Health Programme in Tanzania

Rick Davies Comment: [Though this may reflect my reading biases…]It seems like this strand of thinking has not been in the forefront of M&E attention for a long time (i.e. maybe since the 1990s – early 2000’s) so it is good to see this new collection of papers, by a large collection of both old and new faces (33 in all).

Feminist Evaluation & Research: Theory & Practice

 

 

Sharon Brisolara PhD (Editor), Denise Seigart PhD (Editor), Saumitra SenGupta PhD (Editor)
Paperback: 368 pages, Publisher: The Guilford Press; Publication Date: March 28, 2014 | ISBN-10: 1462515207 | ISBN-13: 978-1462515202 | Edition: 1
Available on Amazon (though at an expensive US$43 for a paperback!)

No reviews available online as yet, but links to these will be posted here when they become available

CONTENTS

I. Feminist Theory, Research and Evaluation

1. Feminist Theory: Its Domain and Applications, Sharon Brisolara
2. Research and Evaluation: Intersections and Divergence, Sandra Mathison
3. Researcher/Evaluator Roles and Social Justice, Elizabeth Whitmore
4. A Transformative Feminist Stance: Inclusion of Multiple Dimensions of Diversity with Gender, Donna M. Mertens
5. Feminist Evaluation for Nonfeminists, Donna Podems

II. Feminist Evaluation in Practice

6. An Explication of Evaluator Values: Framing Matters, Kathryn Sielbeck-Mathes and Rebecca Selove
7. Fostering Democracy in Angola: A Feminist-Ecological Model for Evaluation, Tristi Nichols
8. Feminist Evaluation in South Asia: Building Bridges of Theory and Practice, Katherine Hay
9. Feminist Evaluation in Latin American Contexts, Silvia Salinas Mulder and Fabiola Amariles

III. Feminist Research in Practice

10. Feminist Research and School-Based Health Care: A Three-Country Comparison, Denise Seigart
11. Feminist Research Approaches to Empowerment in Syria, Alessandra Galié
12. Feminist Research Approaches to Studying Sub-Saharan Traditional Midwives, Elaine Dietsch
Final Reflection. Feminist Social Inquiry: Relevance, Relationships, and Responsibility, Jennifer C. Greene

 

The Science of Evaluation: A Realist Manifesto

Pawson, Ray. 2013. The Science of Evaluation: A Realist Manifesto. UK: Sage Publications. http://www.uk.sagepub.com

Chapter 1 is available as a pdf. Hopefully other chapters will also become available this way, because this 240 page book is expensive.

Contents

Preface: The Armchair Methodologist and the Jobbing Researcher
PART ONE: PRECURSORS AND PRINCIPLES
Precursors: From the Library of Ray Pawson
First Principles: A Realist Diagnostic Workshop
PART TWO: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLEXITY – DROWNING OR WAVING?
A Complexity Checklist
Contested Complexity
Informed Guesswork: The Realist Response to Complexity
PART THREE: TOWARDS EVALUATION SCIENCE
Invisible Mechanisms I: The Long Road to Behavioural Change
Invisible Mechanisms II: Clinical Interventions as Social Interventions
Synthesis as Science: The Bumpy Road to Legislative Change
Conclusion: A Mutually Monitoring, Disputatious Community of Truth Seekers

Reviews

Who Counts? The power of participatory statistics

Edited By Jeremy Holland, published by Practical Action. 2013

(from the Practical Action website) “Local people can generate their own numbers – and the statistics that result are powerful for themselves and can influence policy. Since the early 1990s there has been a quiet tide of innovation in generating statistics using participatory methods. Development practitioners are supporting and facilitating participatory statistics from community-level planning right up to sector and national-level policy processes. Statistics are being generated in the design, monitoring and evaluation, and impact assessment of development interventions.Through chapters describing policy, programme and project research, Who Counts? provides impetus for a step change in the adoption and mainstreaming of participatory statistics within international development practice. The challenge laid down is to foster institutional change on the back of the methodological breakthroughs and philosophical commitment described in this book. The prize is a win–win outcome in which statistics are a part of an empowering process for local people and part of a real-time information flow for those aid agencies and government departments willing to generate statistics in new ways. Essential reading for researchers and students of international development as well as policy-makers, managers and practitioners in development agencies.”
Table of Contents
1 Introduction Participatory statistics: a ‘win–win’ for international development Jeremy Holland
PART I Participatory statistics and policy change
2 Participatory 3-dimensional modelling for policy and planning: the practice and the potential , Giacomo Rambaldi
3 Measuring urban adaptation to climate change: experiences in Kenya and Nicaragua Caroline Moser and Alfredo Stein
4 Participatory statistics, local decision-making, and national policy design: Ubudehe community planning in Rwanda  ,Ashish Shah
5 Generating numbers with local governments for decentralized health sector policy and planning in the Philippines , Rose Marie R. Nierras
6 From fragility to resilience: the role of participatory community mapping, knowledge management, and strategic planning in Sudan , Margunn Indreboe Alshaikh
Part II Who counts reality? Participatory statistics in monitoring and evaluation ,
7 Accountability downwards, count-ability upwards: quantifying empowerment outcomes from people’s own analysis in Bangladesh , Dee Jupp with Sohel Ibn Ali
8 Community groups monitoring their impact with participatory statistics in India: reflections from an international NGO Collective , Bernward Causemann, Eberhard Gohl, C. Rajathi, A. Susairaj, Ganesh Tantry and Srividhya Tantry,
9 Scoring perceptions of services in the Maldives: instant feedback and the power of increased local engagement , Nils Riemenschneider, Valentina Barca, and Jeremy Holland
10 Are we targeting the poor? Lessons with participatory statistics in Malawi , Carlos Barahona
PART III Statistics for participatory impact assessment
11 Participatory impact assessment in drought policy contexts: lessons from southern Ethiopia , Dawit Abebe and Andy Catley
12 Participatory impact assessment: the ‘Starter Pack Scheme’ and sustainable agriculture in Malawi , Elizabeth Cromwell, Patrick Kambewa, Richard Mwanza, and Rowland Chirwa with KWERA Development Centre,
13 Participatory impact assessments of farmer productivity programmes in Africa Susanne Neubert
Afterword , Robert Chambers
Practical and accessible resources
Index

Enhancing Evaluation Use: Insights from Internal Evaluation Units

Marlène Läubli Loud , John Mayne

John Mayne’s summary (especially for MandE NEWS!)

“The idea for the book was that much written about evaluation in organizations is written by outsiders such as academics and consultants. But in practice, there are those working ‘inside’ an organization who play a key role in helping shape, develop, manage and ultimately make use of the evaluation. The contributions in this book are written by such ‘insiders’. They discuss the different strategies used over a period of time to make evaluation a part of the management of the organization, successes and failures, and the lessons learned. It highlights the commissioners and managers of evaluations, those who seek evaluations that can be used to improve the strategies and operations of the organization. The aim of the book is to help organizations become more focused on using evaluation to improve policies, strategies, programming and delivery of public and communal services.

The chapters cover a wide range of organizations, from government departments in Scotland, new Zealand, Switzerland and Canada, to international organizations such as the World health organization (WHO) and the International labour organization (ILO), to supra-national organizations such as the European Commission.

The book discusses such issues as:

  • The different ways evaluation is set up—institutionalized—in government sectors / organizations, and with what results;
  • why it is so hard to make evaluation a regular aspect of good management;
  • building organizational cultures that support effective evaluation;
  • strategies that are being used to ensure better value for money and enhance utilization of evaluation findings in organizations; and
  • how organizations balance the need for timely, relevant evaluation information with the need for scientific integrity and quality.

The insider perspective and the wide scope of organizations covered is unique in discussion about evaluation in organizations.”

A Tale of Two Cultures: Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences

Gary Goertz & James Mahoney, 2012
Princeton University Press. Available on Amazon

Review of the book by Dan Hirschman

Excerpts from his review:

“Goertz, a political scientist, and Mahoney, a sociologist, attempt to make sense of the different cultures of research in these two camps without attempting to apply the criteria of one to the other. In other words, the goal is to illuminate difference and similarity rather than judge either approach (or, really, affiliated collection of approaches) as deficient by a universal standard.

G&M are interested in quantitative and qualitative approaches to causal explanation.

Onto the meat of the argument. G&M argue that the two cultures of quantitative and (causal) qualitative research differ in how they understand causality, how they use mathematics, how they privilege within-case vs. between-case variation, how they generate counterfactuals, and more. G&M argue, perhaps counter to our expectations, that both cultures have answers to each of these questions, and that the answers are reasonably coherent across cultures, but create tensions when researchers attempt to evaluate each others’ research: we mean different things, we emphasize different sorts of variation, and so on. Each of these differences is captured in a succinct chapter that lays out in incredible clarity the basic choices made by each culture, and how these choices aggregate up to very different models of research.

Perhaps the most counterintuitive, but arguably most rhetorically important, is the assertion that both quant and qual research are tightly linked to mathematics. For quant research, the connection is obvious: quantitative research relies heavily on probability and statistics. Causal explanation consists of statistically identifying the average effect of a treatment. For qual research, the claim is much more controversial. Rather than relying on statistics, G&M assert that qualitative research relies on logic and set theory, even if this reliance is often implicit rather than formal. G&M argue that at the core of explanation in the qualitative culture are the set theoretic/logical criteria of necessary and sufficient causes. Combinations of necessary and sufficient explanations constitute causal explanations. This search for non-trivial necessary and sufficient conditions for the appearance of an outcome shape the choices made in the qualitative culture, just as the search for significant statistical variation shapes quantitative resarch. G&M include a brief review of basic logic, and a quick overview of the fuzzy-set analysis championed by Charles Ragin. I had little prior experience with fuzzy sets (although plenty with formal logic), and I found this chapter extremely compelling and provocative. Qualitative social science works much more often with the notion of partial membership – some countries are not quite democracies, while others are completely democracies, and others are completely not democracies. This fuzzy-set approach highlight the non-linearities inherent in partial membership, as contrasted with quantitative approaches that would tend to treat “degree of democracy” as a smooth variable.”

Earlier paper by same authors available as pdf: A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research
by James Mahoney, Gary Goertz. Political Analysis (2006) 14:227–249 doi:10.1093/pan/mpj017

See also these recent reviews:

See also The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences by James Mahoney, Sociological Methods & Research, XX(X), 1-28 Published online 2 March 2012

RD comment: This books is recommended reading!

PS 15 February 2013: See Howard White’s new blog posting “Using the causal chain to make sense of the numbers” where he provides examples of the usefulness of simple set-theoretic analyses of the kind described by Mahoney and Goetz (e.g. in an analysis of arguments about why Gore lost to Bush in Florida)

 

On prediction, Nate Silver’s “The Signal and the Noise”

Title The Signal and the Noise: The Art and Science of Prediction
Author Nate Silver
Publisher Penguin UK, 2012
ISBN 1846147530, 9781846147531
Length 544 pages

Available on Amazon Use Google Books to read the first chapter.

RD Comment: Highly recommended reading. Reading this book reminded me of M&E data I had to examine on a large maternal and child health project in Indonesia. Rates on key indicators were presented for each of the focus districts for the year prior to the project started, then for each year during the four year project period. I remember thinking how variable these numbers were, there was nothing like a trend over time in any of the districts. Of course what I was looking at was probably largely noise, variations arising from changes in who and how the underlying data was collected and reported.This sort of situation is by no means uncommon. Most projects, if they have a base line at all, have baseline data from one year prior to when the project started. Subsequent measures of change are then, ideally, compared to that baseline. This arrangement assumes minimal noise, which is a tad optimistic. The alternative, which should not be so difficult in large bilateral projects dealing with health and education systems for example, would be to have a baseline data series covering the preceding x years, where x is at least as long as the expected duration of the proposed project.

See also Malkiel’s review in the Wall Street Journal (Telling Lies From Statistics). Malkiel is author of “A Random Walk Down Wall Street.” While a positive review overall, he charges Silver with ignoring false positives when claiming that some recent financial crises were predictable. Reviews also available in The Guardian. and LA Times. Nate Silver also writes a well known blog for the New York Times.

Approches et pratiques en évaluation de programmes

Nuvelle édition revue et augmentée, Christian Dagenais, Valéry Ridde, 480 pages • août 2012. University of Montreal press

EN LIBRAIRIE À COMPTER DU 20 SEPTEMBRE 2012

Tous les chapitres de cette nouvelle édition ont été écrits par des pédagogues, des enseignants universitaires et des formateurs rompus depuis de longues années à l’exercice du partage de connaissances en évaluation de programmes, tout en mettant l’accent sur la pratique plutôt que sur la théorie. Nous avons ajouté quatre nouveaux chapitres, car les connaissances en évaluation évoluent constamment, sur la stratégie de l’étude de cas, l’évaluation économique, les approches participatives ou encore l’approche dite réaliste. Il manquait dans la première édition des exemples relatifs à l’usage des méthodes mixtes, décrites dans la première partie. Deux nouveaux chapitres viennent donc combler cette lacune.

Un défi essentiel auquel fait face tout enseignant en évaluation est lié à la maîtrise de la grande diversité des approches évaluatives et des types d’évaluation. La seconde partie de l’ouvrage présente quelques études de cas choisies pour montrer clairement comment les concepts qui auront été exposés sont employés dans la pratique. Ces chapitres recouvrent plusieurs domaines disciplinaires et proposent divers exemples de pratiques évaluatives.

Valéry Ridde, professeur en santé mondiale, et Christian Dagenais, professeur en psychologie, tous deux à l’Université de Montréal, enseignent et pratiquent l’évaluation de programmes au Québec, en Haïti et en Afrique.

Avec les textes d’Aristide Bado, Michael Bamberger, Murielle Bauchet, Diane Berthelette, Pierre Blaise, François Bowen, François Chagnon, Nadia Cunden, Christian Dagenais, Pierre-Marc Daigneault, Luc Desnoyers, Didier Dupont, Julie Dutil, Françoise Fortin, Pierre Fournier, Marie Gervais, Anne Guichard, Robert R. Haccoun, Janie Houle, Françoise Jabot, Steve Jacob, Kadidiatou Kadio, Seni Kouanda, Francine LaBossière, Isabelle Marcoux, Pierre McDuff, Miri Levin-Rozalis, Frédéric Nault-Brière, Bernard Perret, Pierre Pluye, Nancy L. Porteous, Michael Quinn Patton, Valéry Ridde, Émilie Robert, Patricia Rogers, Christine Rothmayr, Jim Rugh, Caroline Tourigny, Josefien Van Olmen, Sophie Witter, Maurice Yameogo et Robert K. Yin

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